Chest X Ray interpretation from MSL

A chest x ray is a painless,noninvasive test that creates pictures of the structures inside your chest,such as your heart,lungs,and blood vessels."Noninvasive" means that no surgery is done and no instruments are inserted into your body.
This test is done to find the cause of symptoms such as shortness of breath,chest pain,chronic cough (a cough that lasts a long time),and fever.
Overview

X rays are electromagnetic waves.They use ionizing radiation to create pictures of the inside of your body.
A chest x ray machine for sale takes pictures of the inside of your chest.The different tissues in your chest absorb different amounts of radiation.
Your ribs and spine are bony and absorb radiation well.They normally appear light on a chest x ray.Your lungs,which are filled with air,normally appear dark.A disease in the chest that changes how radiation is absorbed also will appear on a chest x ray.
Figure A shows a cross-section of a chest.Figure B shows an x rays image of a chest.Roll your mouse over the terms on right side of the x-ray image to highlight the internal structures of the chest on both figures.
Chest x rays help doctors diagnose conditions such as pneumonia (nu-MO-ne-ah),heart failure,lung cancer,lung tissue scarring,and sarcoidosis (sar-koy-DO-sis).Doctors also may use chest x rays to see how well treatments for certain conditions are working.Also,doctors often use chest x rays before surgery to look at the structures in the chest.
Chest x rays are the most common x-ray test used to diagnose health problems.
Outlook
Chest x rays have few risks.The amount of radiation used in a chest portable x-ray machine is very small.A lead apron may be used to protect certain parts of your body from the radiation.
A chest x ray gives out a radiation dose similar to the amount of radiation you're naturally exposed to over 10 days.
The article comes from:http://www.medicalequipment-msl.com/htm/medical-equipment-news/Chest-X-Ray-interpretation-from-MSL.html
More about my team,you can click the video:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DzWaeE7MEok

Chest X Ray interpretation from MSL

A chest x ray is a painless,noninvasive test that creates pictures of the structures inside your chest,such as your heart,lungs,and blood vessels."Noninvasive" means that no surgery is done and no instruments are inserted into your body.
This test is done to find the cause of symptoms such as shortness of breath,chest pain,chronic cough (a cough that lasts a long time),and fever.
Overview

X rays are electromagnetic waves.They use ionizing radiation to create pictures of the inside of your body.
A chest x ray machine for sale takes pictures of the inside of your chest.The different tissues in your chest absorb different amounts of radiation.
Your ribs and spine are bony and absorb radiation well.They normally appear light on a chest x ray.Your lungs,which are filled with air,normally appear dark.A disease in the chest that changes how radiation is absorbed also will appear on a chest x ray.
Figure A shows a cross-section of a chest.Figure B shows an x rays image of a chest.Roll your mouse over the terms on right side of the x-ray image to highlight the internal structures of the chest on both figures.
Chest x rays help doctors diagnose conditions such as pneumonia (nu-MO-ne-ah),heart failure,lung cancer,lung tissue scarring,and sarcoidosis (sar-koy-DO-sis).Doctors also may use chest x rays to see how well treatments for certain conditions are working.Also,doctors often use chest x rays before surgery to look at the structures in the chest.
Chest x rays are the most common x-ray test used to diagnose health problems.
Outlook
Chest x rays have few risks.The amount of radiation used in a chest portable x-ray machine is very small.A lead apron may be used to protect certain parts of your body from the radiation.
A chest x ray gives out a radiation dose similar to the amount of radiation you're naturally exposed to over 10 days.
The article comes from:http://www.medicalequipment-msl.com/htm/medical-equipment-news/Chest-X-Ray-interpretation-from-MSL.html
More about my team,you can click the video:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DzWaeE7MEok

How X-rays Work

The heart of an X-ray machine is an electrode pair--a cathode and an anode--that sits inside a glass vacuum tube.The cathode is a heated filament,like you might find in an older fluorescent lamp.The machine passes current through the filament,heating it up.The heat sputters electrons off of the filament surface.The positively-charged anode,a flat disc made of tungsten,draws the electrons across the tube.

The voltage difference between the cathode and anode is extremely high,so the electrons fly through the tube with a great deal of force.When a speeding electron collides with a tungsten atom,it knocks loose an electron in one of the atom's lower orbitals.An electron in a higher orbital immediately falls to the lower energy level,releasing its extra energy in the form of a photon.It's a big drop,so the photon has a high energy level--it is an X-ray photon.

The free electron collides with the tungsten atom,knocking an electron out of a lower orbital.A higher orbital electron fills the empty position,releasing its excess energy as a photon. Free electrons can also generate photons without hitting an atom.An atom's nucleus may attract a speeding electron just enough to alter its course.Like a comet whipping around the sun,the electron slows down and changes direction as it speeds past the atom.This "braking" action causes the electron to emit excess energy in the form of an X-ray photon.

The free electron is attracted to the tungsten atom nucleus.As the electron speeds past,the nucleus alters its course.The electron loses energy,which it releases as an X-ray photon.
Contrast Media In a normal X-ray picture,most soft tissue doesn't show up clearly.To focus in on organs,or to examine the blood vessels that make up the circulatory system,doctors must introduce contrast media into the body.
Contrast media are liquids that absorb X-rays more effectively than the surrounding tissue.To bring organs in the digestive and endocrine systems into focus,a patient will swallow a contrast media mixture,typically a barium compound.If the doctors want to examine blood vessels or other elements in the circulatory system,they will inject contrast media into the patient's bloodstream.
Contrast media are often used in conjunction with a fluoroscope.In fluoroscopy,the X-rays pass through the body onto a fluorescent screen,creating a moving X-ray image.Doctors may use fluoroscopy to trace the passage of contrast media through the body.Doctors can also record the moving X-ray images on film or video. The high-impact collisions involved in X-ray production generate a lot of heat.A motor rotates the anode to keep it from melting (the electron beam isn't always focused on the same area).A cool oil bath surrounding the envelope also absorbs heat.
The entire mechanism is surrounded by a thick lead shield.This keeps the X-rays from escaping in all directions.A small window in the shield lets some of the X-ray photons escape in a narrow beam.The beam passes through a series of filters on its way to the patient.
A camera on the other side of the patient records the pattern of X-ray light that passes all the way through the patient's body.The X-ray camera uses the same film technology as an ordinary camera,but X-ray light sets off the chemical reaction instead of visible light.(See How Photographic Film Works to learn about this process.)
Generally,doctors keep the film image as a negative.That is,the areas that are exposed to more light appear darker and the areas that are exposed to less light appear lighter.Hard material,such as bone,appears white,and softer material appears black or gray.Doctors can bring different materials into focus by varying the intensity of the X-ray beam.
The article comes from:http://www.medicalequipment-msl.com/htm/medical-device-book/How-X-rays-Work.html

How X-rays Work

The heart of an X-ray machine is an electrode pair--a cathode and an anode--that sits inside a glass vacuum tube.The cathode is a heated filament,like you might find in an older fluorescent lamp.The machine passes current through the filament,heating it up.The heat sputters electrons off of the filament surface.The positively-charged anode,a flat disc made of tungsten,draws the electrons across the tube.

The voltage difference between the cathode and anode is extremely high,so the electrons fly through the tube with a great deal of force.When a speeding electron collides with a tungsten atom,it knocks loose an electron in one of the atom's lower orbitals.An electron in a higher orbital immediately falls to the lower energy level,releasing its extra energy in the form of a photon.It's a big drop,so the photon has a high energy level--it is an X-ray photon.

The free electron collides with the tungsten atom,knocking an electron out of a lower orbital.A higher orbital electron fills the empty position,releasing its excess energy as a photon. Free electrons can also generate photons without hitting an atom.An atom's nucleus may attract a speeding electron just enough to alter its course.Like a comet whipping around the sun,the electron slows down and changes direction as it speeds past the atom.This "braking" action causes the electron to emit excess energy in the form of an X-ray photon.

The free electron is attracted to the tungsten atom nucleus.As the electron speeds past,the nucleus alters its course.The electron loses energy,which it releases as an X-ray photon.
Contrast Media In a normal X-ray picture,most soft tissue doesn't show up clearly.To focus in on organs,or to examine the blood vessels that make up the circulatory system,doctors must introduce contrast media into the body.
Contrast media are liquids that absorb X-rays more effectively than the surrounding tissue.To bring organs in the digestive and endocrine systems into focus,a patient will swallow a contrast media mixture,typically a barium compound.If the doctors want to examine blood vessels or other elements in the circulatory system,they will inject contrast media into the patient's bloodstream.
Contrast media are often used in conjunction with a fluoroscope.In fluoroscopy,the X-rays pass through the body onto a fluorescent screen,creating a moving X-ray image.Doctors may use fluoroscopy to trace the passage of contrast media through the body.Doctors can also record the moving X-ray images on film or video. The high-impact collisions involved in X-ray production generate a lot of heat.A motor rotates the anode to keep it from melting (the electron beam isn't always focused on the same area).A cool oil bath surrounding the envelope also absorbs heat.
The entire mechanism is surrounded by a thick lead shield.This keeps the X-rays from escaping in all directions.A small window in the shield lets some of the X-ray photons escape in a narrow beam.The beam passes through a series of filters on its way to the patient.
A camera on the other side of the patient records the pattern of X-ray light that passes all the way through the patient's body.The X-ray camera uses the same film technology as an ordinary camera,but X-ray light sets off the chemical reaction instead of visible light.(See How Photographic Film Works to learn about this process.)
Generally,doctors keep the film image as a negative.That is,the areas that are exposed to more light appear darker and the areas that are exposed to less light appear lighter.Hard material,such as bone,appears white,and softer material appears black or gray.Doctors can bring different materials into focus by varying the intensity of the X-ray beam.
The article comes from:http://www.medicalequipment-msl.com/htm/medical-device-book/How-X-rays-Work.html

Surface Engineered Surgical Tools and Medical Devices.

The barriers between nanotechnology and the marketplace lie in how to reduce the fabrication cost and how to integrate nanoscale assemblies with functional microscale and macro devices.Therefore,reliable mass production of nanostructures is currently one of the most crucial issues in nanotechnology.The commercialization of nanotechnology has to address the underlying necessities of predictability,repeatability,producibility and productivity in manufacturing at nanometer scale. 
Nanometric machining refers to a "top down" nanofabrication approach.To the authors' knowledge the concept of nanometric machining is more concerned with precision rather than the characteristic size of the product.Therefore,nanometric machining is defined as the material removal process in which the dimensional accuracy of a product can be achieved is 100 nm or less.Nanometric machining can be classified into four categories:Deterministic mechanical nanometric machining.This method utilizes fixed and controlled cutting tools,which can specify the profiles of three-dimensional components by a well-defined tool surface.The method can remove materials in amounts as small as tens of nanometers.It includes processes such as diamond turning,micro milling,and nano micro grinding. 
Loose abrasive nanometric machining.This method uses loose abrasive grits to removal a small amount of material.It consists of polishing,lapping,and honing,etc.Non mechanical nanometric machining comprises processes such as focused ion beam machining,micro-EDM,and excimer laser machining. 
Lithographic method.The method employs masks to specify the shape of the product.Two dimensional shapes are the main outcome; severe limitations occur when three dimensional products are attempted.Processes include X-ray(automatic x ray film processor) lithography,LIGA,and electron beam lithography. 
 
The author believes that mechanical nanometric machining has more advantages than other methods since it is capable of machining complex 3D components in a controllable and deterministic way. 
The article comes from:http://www.medicalequipment-msl.com/htm/medical-device-book/automatic-x-ray-film-processor.html

Surface Engineered Surgical Tools and Medical Devices.

The barriers between nanotechnology and the marketplace lie in how to reduce the fabrication cost and how to integrate nanoscale assemblies with functional microscale and macro devices.Therefore,reliable mass production of nanostructures is currently one of the most crucial issues in nanotechnology.The commercialization of nanotechnology has to address the underlying necessities of predictability,repeatability,producibility and productivity in manufacturing at nanometer scale. 
Nanometric machining refers to a "top down" nanofabrication approach.To the authors' knowledge the concept of nanometric machining is more concerned with precision rather than the characteristic size of the product.Therefore,nanometric machining is defined as the material removal process in which the dimensional accuracy of a product can be achieved is 100 nm or less.Nanometric machining can be classified into four categories:Deterministic mechanical nanometric machining.This method utilizes fixed and controlled cutting tools,which can specify the profiles of three-dimensional components by a well-defined tool surface.The method can remove materials in amounts as small as tens of nanometers.It includes processes such as diamond turning,micro milling,and nano micro grinding. 
Loose abrasive nanometric machining.This method uses loose abrasive grits to removal a small amount of material.It consists of polishing,lapping,and honing,etc.Non mechanical nanometric machining comprises processes such as focused ion beam machining,micro-EDM,and excimer laser machining. 
Lithographic method.The method employs masks to specify the shape of the product.Two dimensional shapes are the main outcome; severe limitations occur when three dimensional products are attempted.Processes include X-ray(automatic x ray film processor) lithography,LIGA,and electron beam lithography. 
 
The author believes that mechanical nanometric machining has more advantages than other methods since it is capable of machining complex 3D components in a controllable and deterministic way. 
The article comes from:http://www.medicalequipment-msl.com/htm/medical-device-book/automatic-x-ray-film-processor.html

The first American X-ray

And now a page from our "Sunday Morning"Almanac:January 12th,1896,118 years ago today...the date of an historic rogue X-ray at Davidson College in North Carolina.


On that night,three of Professor Henry L.Smith's students bribed a janitor to let them into the physics lab,where they made an experimental X-ray photograph of items that included two bullets,two rings,and a finger cut from a cadaver.
One of the first portable x-ray machine images in America,it was hardly the last.
The very next month,Professor Smith published his own X-ray photograph of a cadaver's hand.British artist Nick Veasey uses radiographic imaging equipment to create pictures that blend fine art and science.His works show us the inner-workings of everything from a tiny bat (left) to a full-size bus.See more of Veasey's work on his website.19 Photos Incredible x-ray art.
Other,more medically beneficial uses for X-rays soon followed.
Ghostly and mysterious to the layman,X-rays captured everything from fractures to conjoined twins--and captured the popular imagination,too.
From the 1920s to the early '70s,many shoe stores featured x ray machines for sale that supposedly helped to assure a perfect fit--but also emitted poorly-regulated levels of radiation.
Michael Caine used the device to examine mysterious sealed objects in the film,"Billion Dollar Brain"...
...while in the 1978 movie,"Superman,"the visitor from Krypton showed off his X-ray vision to a perhaps too-curious Lois Lane.
Back in the real world,the debut in 2007 of airport security scanners--called backscatter X-ray--that produced all-too-explicit body images raised widespread safety and privacy concerns.
A health study last year by the American Association of Physicists in Medicine concluded:"The risk to the individual is thought to be close to zero"... while the TSA assured the traveling public just last month the scanning software now in use creates "a generic outline of a passenger that is identical for all passengers."< br> ...and also that none of its employees is from Krypton.
The article comes from:http://www.medicalequipment-msl.com/htm/medical-device-news/portable-x-ray-machine.html

The first American X-ray

And now a page from our "Sunday Morning"Almanac:January 12th,1896,118 years ago today...the date of an historic rogue X-ray at Davidson College in North Carolina.


On that night,three of Professor Henry L.Smith's students bribed a janitor to let them into the physics lab,where they made an experimental X-ray photograph of items that included two bullets,two rings,and a finger cut from a cadaver.
One of the first portable x-ray machine images in America,it was hardly the last.
The very next month,Professor Smith published his own X-ray photograph of a cadaver's hand.British artist Nick Veasey uses radiographic imaging equipment to create pictures that blend fine art and science.His works show us the inner-workings of everything from a tiny bat (left) to a full-size bus.See more of Veasey's work on his website.19 Photos Incredible x-ray art.
Other,more medically beneficial uses for X-rays soon followed.
Ghostly and mysterious to the layman,X-rays captured everything from fractures to conjoined twins--and captured the popular imagination,too.
From the 1920s to the early '70s,many shoe stores featured x ray machines for sale that supposedly helped to assure a perfect fit--but also emitted poorly-regulated levels of radiation.
Michael Caine used the device to examine mysterious sealed objects in the film,"Billion Dollar Brain"...
...while in the 1978 movie,"Superman,"the visitor from Krypton showed off his X-ray vision to a perhaps too-curious Lois Lane.
Back in the real world,the debut in 2007 of airport security scanners--called backscatter X-ray--that produced all-too-explicit body images raised widespread safety and privacy concerns.
A health study last year by the American Association of Physicists in Medicine concluded:"The risk to the individual is thought to be close to zero"... while the TSA assured the traveling public just last month the scanning software now in use creates "a generic outline of a passenger that is identical for all passengers."< br> ...and also that none of its employees is from Krypton.
The article comes from:http://www.medicalequipment-msl.com/htm/medical-device-news/portable-x-ray-machine.html

Doctors discover 3-inch nail lodged inside Chinese man's skull

Yang Yi Kui,a do-it-yourself enthusiast,was feeling sick and discovered,after doctors conducted an portable x-ray machine,that a nail was in his skull near his eye socket.It has been fired there thanks to a cutting machine he was using.The nail has been removed and he is in stable condition. 

A Chinese do-it-yourself enthusiast who felt sick and went to the hospital found out he had a 3-inch nail lodged in his skull. 
Yang Yi Kui is now recovering in hospital after surgeons removed the nail,which was near an eye socket. 
Incredibly,the 55-year-old did not realize the nail was there until it was discovered by x ray machines for sale. 
Yang Yi Kui is expected to be fine and is in stable condition.The nail had gotten into his skill courtesy of a cutting machine while he was working on his home.
"The nail penetrated his eye socket and reached the petrosal bone after passing through the middle cranial fossa,"neurosurgeon Luo Liangsheng said. 
"If we pulled the nail out directly,the surgical risk would be quite high,because the great vessels and nerves might be hurt during the process." 
Yang is in a stable condition in hospital. 
The article comes from:http://www.medicalequipment-msl.com/htm/medical-device-news/x-ray-machines-for-sale.html

Doctors discover 3-inch nail lodged inside Chinese man's skull

Yang Yi Kui,a do-it-yourself enthusiast,was feeling sick and discovered,after doctors conducted an portable x-ray machine,that a nail was in his skull near his eye socket.It has been fired there thanks to a cutting machine he was using.The nail has been removed and he is in stable condition. 

A Chinese do-it-yourself enthusiast who felt sick and went to the hospital found out he had a 3-inch nail lodged in his skull. 
Yang Yi Kui is now recovering in hospital after surgeons removed the nail,which was near an eye socket. 
Incredibly,the 55-year-old did not realize the nail was there until it was discovered by x ray machines for sale. 
Yang Yi Kui is expected to be fine and is in stable condition.The nail had gotten into his skill courtesy of a cutting machine while he was working on his home.
"The nail penetrated his eye socket and reached the petrosal bone after passing through the middle cranial fossa,"neurosurgeon Luo Liangsheng said. 
"If we pulled the nail out directly,the surgical risk would be quite high,because the great vessels and nerves might be hurt during the process." 
Yang is in a stable condition in hospital. 
The article comes from:http://www.medicalequipment-msl.com/htm/medical-device-news/x-ray-machines-for-sale.html

China's analog X-ray machines are gobbling up US film supply

Film may be going the way of the dodo, but not in China where it's gaining popularity for use in analog X-ray machines (portable x-ray machine)in many of the nation's estimated 20,000 hospitals and smaller clinics. That's led to a massive uptick in business for US-based film exporters, reports Quartz. This year alone, US companies have exported the same amount of film that they did between 2010 and 2012, a figure that could grow even more given the prevalence of these analog machines. Like the digital revolution with film cameras, the same thing has happened with X-ray machines(x ray machines for sale), though Quartz notes that the digital versions are quite a bit more expensive, making the analog versions more attractive in the sprawling rural areas of China. 
 
The film that's being exported comes in large rolls, which can be cut down to be used either in cameras or with medical equipment. More than half of the shipments headed to China in the past year have come from US-based Kodak spinoff Carestream Health, says Quartz, and are being shipped out from ports in California. 
The article comes from:http://www.medicalequipment-msl.com/htm/medical-equipment-news/China's-analog-X-ray-machines-are-gobbling-up-US-film-supply.html

China's analog X-ray machines are gobbling up US film supply

Film may be going the way of the dodo, but not in China where it's gaining popularity for use in analog X-ray machines (portable x-ray machine)in many of the nation's estimated 20,000 hospitals and smaller clinics. That's led to a massive uptick in business for US-based film exporters, reports Quartz. This year alone, US companies have exported the same amount of film that they did between 2010 and 2012, a figure that could grow even more given the prevalence of these analog machines. Like the digital revolution with film cameras, the same thing has happened with X-ray machines(x ray machines for sale), though Quartz notes that the digital versions are quite a bit more expensive, making the analog versions more attractive in the sprawling rural areas of China. 
 
The film that's being exported comes in large rolls, which can be cut down to be used either in cameras or with medical equipment. More than half of the shipments headed to China in the past year have come from US-based Kodak spinoff Carestream Health, says Quartz, and are being shipped out from ports in California. 
The article comes from:http://www.medicalequipment-msl.com/htm/medical-equipment-news/China's-analog-X-ray-machines-are-gobbling-up-US-film-supply.html

The initially use in X-RAY MAMMOGRAPHY

Conventional X-ray equipment(automatic x ray film processor) was initially employed for breast cancer imaging with industrial (thick) emulsion film, or portal imaging film for use in radiation therapy as the image receptor in order to visualize the small microcalcifications, prior to, as late as 1970s. The breast entrance dose of this imaging process exceeded well over 85 mGy per film (10 R per film) and the radiographic techniques were typically in the range of 45–55 kVp, and 1000 mAS with a radiation beam quality of half-value layer (HVL)?1.0– 1.5mm of aluminum (mmAl) (8). The X-ray beam spectrum produced by a conventional X-ray tube, equipped with tungsten anode, is not necessarily optimized for breast cancer detection.


The mammography images obtained in thismanner had the desired spatial resolution (20 lp mm 1), but had a less than desirable radiographic contrast. This combination of "high entrance dose" with "low radiographic contrast" was not an acceptable approach. The radiology community was searching for a new breast imaging solution. In the 1970s, xeromammography imaging plates provided the much needed improvement in image quality and lowered the breast entrance dose by a factor of two thirds to one half compared to using the thick emulsion industrial type film (9).





Figure 1. Geometric arrangement of conventional radiography.
The portable x-ray machine system, the anatomy of interest, and the screen-film cassette are centered and aligned for exposure.


Due to its unique patient positioning of breast imaging, the geometrical arrangement of dedicated mammography units should be pointed out. As shown in Fig. 1, with the range of 50–60 kVp. Breast tissues contain no high attenuation anatomy, such as bones, a lower tube potential ( 

The article comes from:http://www.medicalequipment-msl.com/htm/medical-device-news/The-initially-use-in-X-RAY-MAMMOGRAPHY.html

The initially use in X-RAY MAMMOGRAPHY

Conventional X-ray equipment(automatic x ray film processor) was initially employed for breast cancer imaging with industrial (thick) emulsion film, or portal imaging film for use in radiation therapy as the image receptor in order to visualize the small microcalcifications, prior to, as late as 1970s. The breast entrance dose of this imaging process exceeded well over 85 mGy per film (10 R per film) and the radiographic techniques were typically in the range of 45–55 kVp, and 1000 mAS with a radiation beam quality of half-value layer (HVL)?1.0– 1.5mm of aluminum (mmAl) (8). The X-ray beam spectrum produced by a conventional X-ray tube, equipped with tungsten anode, is not necessarily optimized for breast cancer detection.


The mammography images obtained in thismanner had the desired spatial resolution (20 lp mm 1), but had a less than desirable radiographic contrast. This combination of "high entrance dose" with "low radiographic contrast" was not an acceptable approach. The radiology community was searching for a new breast imaging solution. In the 1970s, xeromammography imaging plates provided the much needed improvement in image quality and lowered the breast entrance dose by a factor of two thirds to one half compared to using the thick emulsion industrial type film (9).





Figure 1. Geometric arrangement of conventional radiography.
The portable x-ray machine system, the anatomy of interest, and the screen-film cassette are centered and aligned for exposure.


Due to its unique patient positioning of breast imaging, the geometrical arrangement of dedicated mammography units should be pointed out. As shown in Fig. 1, with the range of 50–60 kVp. Breast tissues contain no high attenuation anatomy, such as bones, a lower tube potential ( 

The article comes from:http://www.medicalequipment-msl.com/htm/medical-device-news/The-initially-use-in-X-RAY-MAMMOGRAPHY.html